Weight loss diets and cholesterol

Low in carbohydrates and high in protein diets, promoted for weight loss can be dangerous, according to a recent study in Israel and revealed in a Science Daily article.

http://www.sciencedaily.com/

The work done on mice showed a significant increase in atherosclerosis, namely the existence of plaques in the arteries inner wall and a reduced ability of the body to form new vessels in an area deprived of blood flow, called neoangiogenesis, as happens after a heart attack or stroke in other body muscles.

Another case that may be important for new blood vessels formation is when blood flow is diminished by the presence of plaques. Intermittent claudication is a clear example.

The researchers propose that one reason for that type of diet increases heart risks is that a system called "vascular progenitor cells, that normally acts to cope with vascular injuries, is lessened with diets low in carbohydrates and high in protein.

I bring this discussion because I think one of the best ways to combat obesity and overweight is a rational use of medicinal plants, which may act at different key points to help to control this problem.

What about a cup of coffee

To the traditional effects on the nervous system, mind concentration and alertness increase, another set of benefits should be added, some of which are not yet fully proved, but they are reversing a range of views on the potential damage of this traditional drink.

Moderate consumption has significant benefits, but it must be remembered that the addition of sugar or creams is independent of their properties and can cause other problems.

Coffee has a vasodilator effect on brain blood vessels, which could reduce the risk of vascular accidents and can relieve headaches.

Its antioxidant properties can be related to the prevention of several types of tumors.

Chlorogenic acid and trigonelline, two chemical components of coffee, reduce insulin resistance, thereby produce a decrease in blood glucose levels and helps to reduce the risk of some tumors associated with insulin resistance.

There is a positive effect on lung functioning through bronchial dilation, important in allergies and asthma, activity that apparently occurs mostly in nonsmokers.

There are more works that demonstrate the positive relationship between coffee consumption and Parkinson's disease reduction. Some substances contained in coffee slow nerve cells degeneration. Could not be found, by contrast, a relationship between coffee consumption and brain activity in old age, which will prevent senile dementia.

Another positive effect is the lower incidence of cardiovascular disease in moderate coffee drinkers, always referring to people with normal blood pressure. The action of coffee on hypertension has not been fully elucidated, although there are works that demonstrate a positive effect of achieving control.

There is an important finding related to liver degeneration by alcohol consumption. Coffee consumption slows the formation of abnormal fibrous tissue, which may result in tumor tissue. A metabolite of caffeine inhibits the synthesis of a connective tissue growth factor .

There is no clear evidence of the influence of coffee consumption on and uric acid, gout and osteoporosis.

Microalgae as chemicals producers for functional foods

Sometimes I wish to be able to choose the research lines in institutions that work with functional foods.

The small amount of research done on the potential of microscopic algae as a source of substances to be incorporated in new functional foods are demonstrating the enormous potential of these marine plant organisms and should be giving rise to a whole new line of work.

The draw on the rich biodiversity of these algae and the possibility to transform them into controlled biorreactors as factories of secondary metabolites, usually produced to defend themselves from adverse or extreme conditions, seems that these microscopic beings are shouting, COME FOR US, WE CAN HELP YOU.

The beneficial effects of some of these metabolites are already known and surely there are clues about what factors cause the microalgae to produce them in larger quantities.

The huge bioreactors that today produce fish food throughout the cultivation of these microscopic algae can also be used to produce chemical compounds to be added to common foods in order to transform them into functional foods.

Broccoli and tomatoes enriched with bioactive chemicals

A line of work that I fully agree with.

Feeding Tomato and Broccoli Powders Enriched with Bioactives Improves Bioactivity Markers in Rats

Ann G. Liu, Sonja E. Volker, Elizabeth H. Jeffery and John W. Erdman, Jr.

Division of Nutritional Sciences and Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, 905 South Goodwin Avenue, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801

J. Agric. Food Chem., Article ASAP Publication Date (Web): August 3, 2009

Abstract

Many studies have evaluated the cancer -preventive potential of individual bioactives from tomatoes and broccoli, but few have examined them within the context of a whole food.

Male Copenhagen rats were fed diets containing 10% standard tomato powder, tomato enriched with lycopene or total carotenoids, standard broccoli floret, broccoli sprouts, or broccoli enriched with indole glucosinolates or selenium for 7 days. All broccoli diets increased the activity of colon quinone reductase (NQO1). Indole glucosinolate-enriched broccoli and selenium-enriched broccoli increased hepatic NQO1 and cytochrome P450 1A activity.

These results demonstrate that the bioactive content of vegetables affects both tissue content of bioactives and activity of detoxification enzymes. Enhancing bioactive content of tomatoes and broccoli may enhance efficacy in the prevention of prostate cancer.

If I had knew it

I came across a daily news page announcing a scientific discovery, drinking wine reduces the chances of having Barret's esophagus.

At this time of wellness for all who support natural life and a healthy diet, where exercise helps prevent many ailments and each of the edible plants prevents this or that, also fermented drinks are beneficial for health, these news on wine appear as too much of the same.

As I said in other posts, I am one of the patients recovered from Barret's esophagus condition, following an adequate medical treatment. I repeat the title, if I had knew it, instead of controlling heartburn with a silly and tasteless gelatin capsule, I could have followed a good treatment, either at breakfast or at mid morning, with a good glass of wine, for instance one of our uruguaian prized Tannats.

Medicinal dessert

As a medicinal dessert, no doubt, fruits. Fruits contain vitamins, minerals, fiber and carbohydrates, plus special chemical compounds, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, carotenoids, isocyanates, with many medicinal properties.

Let me begin with some fruits and in the coming days I will complete the full list.

Blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus). The blueberry fruit contains amino acids and tannins that improve microcirculation, increase capillary resistance and decrease capillary permeability, very important properties for the eyes, ears and skin, as well as very beneficial for hemorrhoids and varicose veins.

Another series of blueberry compounds possess a significant amount of properties, astringent, antifungal, antidiarrheal, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antitumor, antithrombotic.

Apple (Malus domestica). The active components, pectin, amino acids, organic acids, carbohydrates, catechins, quercetin, sorbitol, minerals. The mere fact of writing a list of properties indicates the importance of apple for health. I have described some of their properties already.

An apple a day keeps the doctor away.

Lowering cholesterol, analgesic, antiflu, antidiabetic, antiarthritic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiulcer, empowers the immune system, protects blood vessels, antacid, digestive, laxative, diuretic, blood cleanser, hypotensive, sedative, and several other also important actions..

Orange (Citrus auriantum). Oranges fiber content, vitamins and minerals make them an exceptional food. Among most notable effects, its ability to reduce cardiac arrhythmias, their antiviral properties, and hypotensive activities of declining levels of colesterol blood. It is also a digestive plant.

Flavonoids, fruit acids, pectin, alkaloids, sugars, essences and more.

Recent findings are establishing a relationship between some orange chemical compounds and the prevention of several cancers, including lung cancer.

Medicinal red wine

After the medicinal salad and to accompany a healthy meal, lean beef (from animals fed on pasture), skinless chicken (feed with no additives) and especially fish (prepared with natural recipes), I recommend drinking wine and although it is customary to drink white wine, in this case of a medicinal drink, red wine.

This is to take advantage of the presence of resveratrol in red wine. A substance produced by plants as defense against attacks by microorganisms, has been very active in the arrest of tumors formation. In this case, resveratrol, found in some grapes skin or peel, grapes used to produce red wine, is one of those chemicals and one of the most important.

That property is achieved by apoptosis, a mechanism by which tumoral cells destroy themselves. The activity of inducing tumor cells death would arise from direct interference in the cells growth cycle.

While the alcohol in wine (ethanol) would have an enhancing effect on this property of resveratrol, a wine product without alcohol had also positive results.

Resveratrol is one of the compounds responsible for the beneficial effects of wine on health. It is likely that the glass of wine daily, so healthy, will not be enough to stop the growth of a great number of tumors and laboratory techniques have to be used to achieve these effects, but still it is a further demonstration of the importance of plants on health.

A medicinal preventive salad

This "medicinal recipe" is certainly not the most appetizing, but one of the healthiest. The plants listed below are to be added raw to the salad.

Garlic, a must be in all food medicine, with a healthy set of actions as described elsewhere and if heart protection is required , the crushed fresh garlic attains the best activity, according to a very recent research.

Broccoli, aerial parts and shoots. With vitamins A, C and E, antioxidant compounds, antitumor compounds, immune system enhancers and in the case of shoots a very effective compound for asthma control.

Pumpkin, Its fleshy pulp and it seeds. It is an important source of beta carotene, a vitamin A precursor and a powerful antioxidant with antitumor properties and a immune system enhancer. Contains phenolic compounds importat in cases of diabetes.

Turmeric is included for its anti-inflammatory activity, promotion of inmmune cell production and its particular taste, besides giving the salad a nice touch of color.

Another imperative condiment is oregano, with its phenolic acids and flavonoids, generously donating its antioxidant properties and its excellent flavor.

Tomato. In this case the tomato extracts is to be used, because of its anti-cancer properties and also it contains beta carotene, flavonoids, folate, potassium and vitamins C and E, chemicals that confer other important health properties, interfere with the formation of atheromas, modulate platelet aggregation and reduce blood pressure.

Red pepper. Energizing salad condiments must also contain one strong taste condiment, red pepper contains significant amounts of vitamin C, one of the best known compounds as immune system enhancers.

Generous amounts of olive oil completes the dish.

I agree that it is not a traditional salad, but really a series of properties beneficial for health, aiming to prevent a series of major diseases. The effects of these plants have been the subject of research, providing results that are favorable for its use.

Tomatos again, more health benefits

Tomato extracts have been mentioned in this blogs due to its anticancer properties, but that is not all from this delicious plant product. Betacarotene, flavonoids, folate, potassium and vitamins C and E, are chemicals that give tomato fruit other very important health properties.

These chemicals protect lipoproteins and vascular cells from oxidation, one of the mechanisms of atherosclerosis formation. Modulate platelet aggregation and reduce blood pressure. All these may help to reduce the development of cardiovascular disease.

The manufacture or processing methods are very important to maintain the different chemicals bioavailability.

Health benefits of olive oil

Olive oil is known for its many benefits on health, antiinflamatory properties, bactericidal activity, blood pressure reduction, cancer supression, cholesterol reduction, coronary heart disease protection, multiple sclerosis symptoms reduction, obesity control.

Plasmatic concentration reduction of substances that promote inflammation, in the blood vessels walls.

Phenolic compounds present in olive oil exert a strong bactericidal activity against Helycobacter pylori. This activity is a preventive of gastric cancer and ulcers.

Oleic acid, alpha tocopherol and phenolic compounds present in olive oil, through a mediators control reduce blood pressure.

Olive oil monoinsaturated fatty acids are responsible of olive oil protection against several types of cancer and ageing problems due to its antioxidative properties. They also protect against coronary heart disease.

HDL cholesterol increase, LDL cholesterol reduction and oxidative stress reduction are due to biophenols that increase the corresponding RNA transcription.

A reduction in fatigue symptoms present in multiple sclerosis was seen after a period of time in patients receiving olive oil.

Olive oil oleic acid stimulates an intestinal cells reaction producing a satiety feeling, therefore reducing food intake.

Broccoli and asthma

Talking about nutraceuticals, foof as medicine, there is a new research work.

A recent research published in the Clinical Inmunology journal reveals that sulphoraphane, a chemical contained in broccoli sprouts alleviates asthma symptoms.

The activity of this chemical, a potent antioxidant, is through the enhancement of enzymes that promote antioxidant reactions, thus avoiding inflamatory chain reactions to occur in the upper airway cells.

The patients were fed with a natural homogenate of broccoli sprouts, with no other modification.

Allergies and medicinal plants

Allergies are body abnormal reactions to substances that we are exposed in daily life. The immune system reacts excessively to substances that the body releases to control the presence of these substances.

Pollen, dust, fungal spores, microorganisms, suspended in dust, food, toxicns, are some of the agents that cause allergic reactions. They are called allergens.

Several plants have proven benefits in relieving the effects of some allergies that, as already mentioned, include inflammation of the tissues involved.

Garlic (Allium sativum) and onion (Allium cepa). Both plants contain quercetin, a potent anti-inflammatory and antihistaminic chemical. Garlic bulbs, one to two cloves per day, with food, would be sufficient and onion the skin or shell, prepare the broth with whole onions and then tañe the skin off or boil the skins and add the filtered decoction to the food.

Altamisa or Matricaria (Tanacetum parthenium). A plant that has been used very successfully in migraines and in recent times has been investigated for its antiallergic properties.

Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba). The leaves aqueous extract of this tree contains ginkgolides, which interfere with the platelet aggregation factor (PAF) produced by the body, one of the allergic reactions starters, as well as asthma and inflammatory processes. However extracts of ginkgo should be used with caution, especially in prolonged treatments, due to several side effects.

Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla). Several compounds found in the flowers of this plant, azulenes and chamazulenes have significant antiallergic and anti-inflammatory activities . They can be prepared as infusions for internal use or creams for external use .

Important, this plant and others of the same family have been described as responsible for causing allergies, so this must consider and the plant used with caution.

Nettles (Urtica dioica).Roots and leafs extracts have been used for many years for the treatment of various diseases including allergic reactions, mainly due to its antihistaminic properties. The extract of frozen dried leaves is particularly cited as one of the most effectives.

Cat's claw (Uncaria tormentosa). The roots aqueous extract of this vine is a powerful anti-inflammatory and may dramatically alleviate some allergies. Because some of confusion with plants of similar names, it is important to be sure to use the correct species.

Plants with high content of vitamin C. Citrus (though they can cause allergies), peppers, cayenne, guava, kiwi, watercress, and many other plants. Vitamin C is a powerful antihistaminic, one of the substances released when there is a contact with allergens in the body.

Heartburn and medicinal plants

Heartburn occurs when muscular opening that connects the esophagus to the stomach (cardias) is not functioning properly and does not hinder the passage of stomach contents into the esophagus. Stomach contents, usually acid "burn" the inside walls of the esophagus producing the well known burning sensation.

Heartburn occurs more often when you eat in a hurry, without chewing food properly. Another important factor is the type of food, fried foods, saturated fats, sugar, alcohol and coffee somehow increases gastric reflux. Smoking is also associated with the occurrence of heartburn.

Opinions are divided as to a possible cure of the sphincter functioning and an evolution to normal and proper passage closure of stomach contents to the esophagus.

What is generally controlled by treatments is the acidity degree of stomach contents, so that these will not damage the esophagus walls and do not worsen any existing lesions of the esophagus in patients with a heartburn history. As I said, I am or was one of the heartburn "sufferers" and I decided (or we decided with my family) to follow the medical doctor's advice. Lanzoprazol, one capsule of 30 mg. daily at mid-morning. It is a synthetic drug, I know. The favorable development of the ailment in just over 1 year says the doctor was right.

Medicinal plants, I recommend to support a heartburn treatment.

Angelica (Angelica archangelica). It has a curative action on the walls of the digestive tract, it is highly indicated and have been used for a long time. Other related plants such as celery, fennel, carrots and papaya also have similar effects.

Congorosa (Maytenus ilicifolia). One of the most powerful acid neutralizer plants. As I have mentioned more than once, a leaves decoction, drank at regular intervals between meals, can bring an action similar to that of the synthetic selective blockers. The problem is that I can not recommend an exact dosage and it would be most desirable that a laboratory develop a controlled extract release medicine.

Dill (Anethum graveolens). A decoction of this plant seeds has been used for many years to cure or control digestive problems. Not recommended for use by pregnant women. Fennel has similar qualities.

Gentian (Gentiana officinalis). A decoction of the plant drank a while after each meal is a carminative and helps to prevent heartburn onset of symptoms.

Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla). An infusion of chamomile flowers a few minutes after meal is and has been a very interesting solution for heartburn. It has a local shooting activity and a general calming effect.

Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra). Licorice extracts used moderately, due to its antispasmodic effects and hydrochloric acid reduction, are important. However, it must be borne in mind that it is not recommended for prolonged use, due to multiple side effects, including blood pressure elevation and fluids retention.

Fruits such as kiwi, papaya and pineapple help to relieve digestive problems like gastric reflux. Also diets based on foods with white meats (poultry and fish), milk creams, fruits and vegetables, are beneficial.

Recent advances in asthma control

One aspect to highlight is the need for quick attention by specialists. Any delay in addressing asthma attacks in all ages, could mean a worsening of the disease process.

The information here provided on the use of medicinal plants and products derived from them, in asthmatics does not attempt to promote self treatments, but to support physicians and patients about the potential of medicinal plants.

There is scientific evidence showing an increasingly blunt about the effectiveness of chemicals in plants of different mechanisms for the development of asthma attacks. Leukotriene antagonists and prostaglandins synthesis, substances that interfere with the recipients of allergens that trigger allergic reactions, plant substances that diminish the hyper-reactivity of the bronchial epithelium and a few more shares.

These findings not only demonstrate the existence of evidence for the traditional use of many plants, but should be the starting point for the industrial development of products based on medicinal plants. For many countries this can mean at least a technological independence and a reduction in costs of health care.

For example, it is demonstrated that quercetin, present in great amounts in the onion skin (Allium cepa), has a potent anti-inflammatory activity, through several inflammation processes, including these that highlights the regulation of T
lymphocytes, important in the body immune responses.

Report on Asthma Control

In one of the associated blogs I have published a report on asthma control. Here are the titles of their contents.

DEFINITION
EPISODES OR ASTHMA ATTACKS
TYPES OF ASTHMA Asthma Child Asthma Adult Asthma Exercise-Induced Asthma Occupational Asthma Night steroid-resistant asthma (severe asthma)
Age causes of asthma, asthma in children Allergies Environmental factors Snuff Smoke
Obesity Genetics Pregnancy Stress hyper-reactivity of several airway diseases
DIAGNOSIS OF ASTHMA Medical History Signs and symptoms
Physical Exam
Other evidence of breath test
Successful treatment of asthma checkups Medicines Control
Medication for long-term control Alternative Treatments
LIVING WITH ASTHMA

Read the whole report CLICK HERE

Green tea and prostate cancer

Recent scientific articles highlight the green tea possibilities to control prostate cancer. Abstracts of these articles are quoted.

.- Chemoprevention of prostate cancer: what can be recommended to patients?

Curr Urol Rep. 2009 May;10(3):165-71.

Colli JL, Amling CL.

University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.

Prostate cancer is third to lung and colon cancer as the cause of cancer-related deaths in American men. It is estimated that there will have been more than 28,000 deaths and 186,000 new cases in 2008 that will impose a significant burden on national health care costs. Chemoprevention aims to reduce both incidence and mortality through the use of agents to prevent, reverse, or delay the carcinogenic process. This study provides clinicians with information on some chemoprevention agents that have been considered to reduce prostate cancer risks, including 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors; statins (a class of compounds used to reduce cholesterol); NSAIDs; selenium; vitamins E and D; lycopene; allium vegetables (garlic, scallions, onions, chives, and leeks); soy/isoflavones; and green tea polyphenols. The evidence to support prostate cancer risk reduction benefits for each chemoprevention agent based on a review of the literature is provided.

.- Green tea: nature's defense against malignancies.

Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2009 May;49(5):463-73.

Butt MS, Sultan MT.

National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.

The current practice of introducing phytochemicals to support the immune system or fight against diseases is based on centuries old traditions. Nutritional support is a recent advancement in the domain of diet-based therapies; green tea and its constituents are one of the important components of these strategies to prevent and cure various malignancies. The anti-carcinogenic and anti-mutagenic activities of green tea were highlighted some years ago suggesting that it could reduce the prevalence of cancer and even provide protection. The pharmacological actions of green tea are mainly attributed to polyphenols that includes epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), epicatechin, epicatechin-3-gallate, epigallocatechin. Green tea and its components effectively mitigate cellular damage arising due to oxidative stress. Green tea is supposed to enhance humoral and cell-mediated immunity, decreasing the risk of certain cancers, and may have certain advantage in treating inflammatory disorders. Much of the cancer chemopreventive properties of green tea are mediated by EGCG that induces apoptosis and promotes cell growth arrest, by altering the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins, activating killer caspases, and suppressing nuclear factor kappa-B activation. Besides, it regulates and promotes IL-23 dependent DNA repair and stimulates cytotoxic T cells activities in a tumor microenvironment. It also blocks carcinogenesis by modulating the signal transduction pathways involved in cell proliferation, transformation, inflammation and metastasis. The review is intended to highlight the chemistry of green tea, its antioxidant potential, its immunopotentiating properties and mode of action against various cancer cell lines that showed its potential as a chemopreventive agent against colon, skin, lung, prostate, and breast cancer.

Arthritis and medicinal plants

Arthritis are a number of joint ailments that generally produce joint tissues inflammation, with the consequent pain and the possible degeneration of those tissues. In fact, the most common form of arthritis is osteoarthritis, which affects both hard and soft joint tissues.

Except for the arthritis due to injuries, mostly are due to chronic slow development processes. Many herbal treatments have been tested, either with plant extracts administration or by including some of those on special diets.

Broccoli (Brassica oleracea) and other plants that contain glutathione, an antioxidant compound that reduces the arthritis symptoms. This compound is also present in cauliflower, asparagus, potatoes, purslane and tomatoes. Avocado, peaches, oranges, grapefruit and watermelon also contain glutathione.

Brazil nut and sunflower (Bertholettia excelsa and Helianthus annus) contain s-adenosil-methionine, a compound with anti-inflammatory properties similar to those of ibuprofen. The consumption of both seeds is highly recommended in cases of arthritis.

Ginger and Turmeric (Zingiber oficinalis and Curcuma longa). Roots or rhizomes of these plants contain compounds that have shown high anti-inflammatory efficacy in relieving symptoms of osteoarthritis, this activity has been equally or more potent than that of ibuprofen, due to phytosteroids.

Rosemary and Oregano (Rosmarinus officinalis and Origanum vulgare). Powerful antioxidants, apparently due to its Rosmarinic acid contents that interfere with free radicals involved in the inflammatory and degenerative arthritis processes . Their consumption as a condiment should be encouraged and also drink ing herbal teas or decoctions.

Nettles (Urtica dioica). It is well known nettles extracts from leaves and roots anti-inflammatory activity and furthermore, the presence of the mineral boron help to low arthritis lesions. Herbal teas or tinctures have been successfully used.

Peppers (Capsicum spp). The fruits contain capsaicin, which besides of being responsible for the pungent taste, is responsible for the decline of pain, due to release of endorphins stimulus. Pepper can be included in the diet, drinking herbal teas or include the alcoholic or aqueous extracts in creams for external use.

Pineapples (Ananas comosus). Bromelain, existing in this plant fruit, has been linked with a decrease in arthritis inflammation. The mechanisms are related to their antigenic activity, preventing an autoimmune reaction and its fibrinolytic activity, which assists in the inflamed tissues dissolution.

Willow (Salix spp). Especially the white willow contains salicin and salicylic acid in the bark, with anti-inflammatory effects similar to those of aspirin. The gastric effects are smaller than those of the known tablets but they still exists, and a moderate tendency to an increased blood pressure in prolonged use, so the addition of ginger and garlic in this preparation is highly recommended.

These plants are used universally, here I add, because of its importance, the carqueja (Baccharis trimer, genisteloides) due to the potent anti-inflammatory activity of their extracts. It is a plant that is located in the southern temperate South America region but is also being exported to several countries.

Diabetes type II and medicinal plants

Diabetes occurs either when the pancreas stops producing the hormone insulin or the body becomes unable to use the insulin produced. Glucose can not enter the body cells unless insulin is present and active. Without insulin, glucose accumulates in the bloodstream and eventually in the urine, causing the characteristic sweet taste. The imbalance in blood sugar levels also leads to increased urination and thirst.

Diabetes also causes a small blood vessels narrowing throughout the body. It seems that the higher the blood sugar level, the more narrow the small blood vessels become. When this occurs, blood vessels carry less blood, and circulation is affected. Poor circulation in turn leads to the complications of poorly controlled diabetes, kidney disease, poor wound healing problems and eye and feet disturbances.

Diabetes also alters fat metabolism, increasing the risk of cholesterol plaques that accumulate in the large blood vessels. This means that people with diabetes are at risk of heart disease.

There are actually two types of diabetes, Type I (insulin-dependent) and type II (non insulin-dependent). People who have Type I diabetes must get insulin injected daily to control their blood sugar. People with type II produce their own insulin but their cells do not respond to it correctly.

Type II diabetes is by far the most common form of diabetes, accounting for 85 to 90 percent of cases. Is typically associated with obesity. People with type II diabetes can usually control their blood sugar through weight loss and diet, in combination with oral medication that boosts the effect of its own insulin.

It is often possible for people with type II diabetes to prevent the consumption of drugs and controlling blood sugar levels with diet, a more effective and more enjoyable method than the majority of pharmaceutical alternatives.

Diabetes is a serious illness. People who has it, should be under doctor's care. But there is much that the patient can do to help manage the condition.

Given that obesity is so strongly associated with type II diabetes, weight control is an important element. A diet low in fat and moderate exercise is the way.

There are also many herbs that have demonstrated effectiveness in controlling blood sugar levels and they can be a means to help diabetics, under medical supervision.

Garlic (Allium sativum). Like onions, garlic has a significant ability to control blood sugar levels. Eat more raw garlic, if possible, or lightly cooked in foods.

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum). About half of fenugreek seeds (by weight) is a soluble fiber called mucilage, and this herb contains other six compounds that help to regulate blood sugar.

Fenugreek also increases blood levels of HDL ( "good" cholesterol) while lowering total cholesterol, which may help prevent cardiovascular disease, a particular danger for people with diabetes.

Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia). This herb has attracted considerable interest because of its ability to regulate blood sugar. In one test, five grams (about two teaspoons) of powdered bitter gourd one day decreased blood sugar by 54 percent. Otherwise, 50 milliliters (about one quarter cup) of bitter gourd extract reduced high blood sugar by 20 percent.

Onion (Allium cepa). Onions have a long history of popular use as a dietary supplement to treat diabetes in Asia, Europe and the Middle East. Onions skins or rinds are one of the best sources of quercetin, which has proven to help with eye problems that are often associated with diabetes such as diabetic retinopathy.

Beans, beans (Phaseolus, various species). Many studies show that eating foods that are high in soluble fiber, especially beans, reduces the increase in blood sugar after meals and decreases the fall of blood sugar afterwards, thus helping to keep blood sugar close to desired levels.

Bay (Laurus nobilis) and other spices. It has been shown that bay leaves help the body use insulin very efficiently. The leaves have been shown to reduce levels of blood sugar in experimental animals. Also, the cinnamon, cloves and turmeric are good modulators of blood sugar levels.

Marshmallow (Althaea officinalis). Marshmallow has a high level of soluble fiber known as pectin (35 percent on a dry weight basis). The use of pectin is an effective way to maintain low levels of blood sugar.

Other good sources of pectin are mallow, wild carrots, dog rose, apples and figs.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea). Like beans, peanuts have the ability to maintain low levels of blood sugar.

Macadamia Nut (Macadamia, various species). A diet with 15 to 20 percent of calories from protein, less than 35 percent fat and 55 to 60 per cent of carbohydrates is recommended. The substitution by certain healthy oils, like monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) of some of the carbohydrates can improve blood sugar control, while it does not increase cholesterol levels.

Olive oil is the main source of MUFA, it follows the macadamia. Other good sources of MUFAs are avocados, pistachios, cashews, peanuts and Brazil nuts.

Tea (Camellia sinensis). Several researchers have demonstrated the benefits of black tea in fighting diabetes. In studies, extracts of black tea significantly reduced the levels of sugar in the blood of laboratory animals.

Asthma and medicinal plants

Asthma is a chronic disease that causes breath shortness, cough, chest congestion and often a strong feeling of breathlessness. It is a very serious disease and needs medical care.

The causes are not dealt with and it is classified among the autoimmune diseases, with rheumatism, psoriasis and allergies. Bronchospasms, a sudden drop in light of the bronchi, are the main symptoms. May be associated with allergies and with the increase of histamine levels by several causes, including environmental pollution and stressful situations.

It is a disease that must be continuously monitored and treated by specialists and only as a guide some plants and plant extracts that can help relieve asthma attacks are mentioned.

Theophylline, caffeine and theobromine are three active ingredients, belonging to alkaloids chemical group, present in plants that have proven effectiveness in reducing some symptoms of asthma.

Theophylline is found mainly in black and green tea (Camellia sinensis) and is a nervous system stimulant and a lung muscles relaxing factor. Improve breathing movements. Caffeine, present mostly in coffee (Coffea arabica) is vasodilator, stimulates the nervous system and respiratory apparatus and it is also a muscle relaxant. Theobromine is derived from cocoa (Theobroma cacao) and is also present in chocolate. It stimulates nervous and cardiovascular systems and produce bronchodilation.

Ephedra (Ephedra sinica) has for long been used as a bronchodilator, decongestant of the respiratory tract and central nervous system stimulant. Ephedrine is one of its main components.

However it is considered an herb that is not safe and its use should be done under strict medical surveillance.

The ginkgolides of Ginkgo biloba are important due to their interference action with platelet activation factor, which participates in the onset of asthma attacks. The problem is that obtaining adequate amounts of these substances requires a high concentration of the extract.

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) contains alphapinene and creosol that remove bronchial secretions and improve breathing. Anise (Pimpinella anisum) also contains these elements, but in smaller amounts.

Nettles (Urtica dioica), leaves and roots infusions or decoctions have proved potent antihistamine and antispamodic activities.

Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), used as roots infusion relieves airways congestion and cough. Not recommended for continued use due to the appearance of side effects.

Vitamin C is a potent antihistaminic, so those plants that contain it, citrus (Citrus spp), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and others, are recommended.

The wasabi (Wasabi japonica) is a plant whose dried powder is used as a condiment and has proven to be an important bronchial decongestant.

There are several plants that are important to alleviate asthma, onions, cabbage, mauve, oregano, sage, thyme, carrots, etc.

From them mauve, oregano and thyme are emphasized. A decoction of these three plants produce a significant relief in pulmonary congestive situations and they also have antimicrobial effects.



a 2010 study shows that epigallocatechin, from blackcurrants (Ribes nigrum), works in conjunction with other natural immune responses that occur at the same time to reduce inflammation. These actions are distinct from the inflammation-reducing activity of another group of compounds, anthocycanins, which are also rich in blackcurrants. Anthocyanins are known for their antioxidant properties and, interestingly, have been shown by Dr Hurst's research group to also influence inflammatory mechanisms and complement the body's own natural immune responses. The research shows some compounds in fruit thought to promote health with their antioxidant activity are keeping us well by other means.

Plants that could control high cholesterol

Herbie Latino has published another interesting article on the potential of plants in controlling high cholesterol in humans. This is not a full review but a summary of the main plants that have demonstrated effectiveness.

"Given the repeated queries about food and plants that could lower blood cholesterol levels, I include a list of the most effective species, although I stress, the majority of research in humans reported decreases of no more than 25% after several weeks of continuous consumption.

Most of plant fibers have shown cholesterol-lowering properties. Fiber is present in most fruits and vegetables.

The betaglucans are a type of soluble fiber apparently responsible for this activity. Barley (Hordeum vulgare), beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and oat bran (Avena sativa) contain significant amounts.

Pectin is another soluble fiber that can lower blood cholesterol levels. Carrots (Daucus carota), apples (Malus domestica) and citrus rinds white (Citrus spp) contain large amounts. Fruits should be eaten as such or liquefied with their rinds. The citrus juice contains very little fiber.

Mucilage-containing plants, algae (several species), linseed (Linum usitatissimum), mallow roots (Malva sylvestris), the quince (Cydonia oblonga), lichens, fungi and some other plants, have shown decreasing blood cholesterol activity.

Celery (Apium graveolens) has proven to lower cholesterol in laboratory animals. No conclusive results in studies with humans were achieved.

Garlic (Allium sativum) and onion (Allium cepa) have been shown to lower cholesterol by around 10%, in people who consume a clove of garlic or half an onion, per day.

Phytosterols lower blood cholesterol levels through direct action, combining with cholesterol and remove it from bloodstream. Sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum) contain appreciable quantities, besides lettuce (Lactuca sativa), sunflower seeds (Helianthus annuus), asparagus (Asparagus acutifolius), the cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var bothr.) Figs (Ficus carica), soybean (Glycine max) and several other vegetables. I can also refer to lentinan a betaglucan of shiitake mushroom

(Lentinus edodes) which in addition to many other properties has demostrated to low blood cholesterol in humans."

Herbie Latino also has the good habit of including scientific names, given the large variations of common names in different Latino communities.

Complements and supplemented foods

Supplements or dietary supplements are natural or synthetic substances, added to food to improve human health. Can be administered alone or added to any component of the diet.

Vitamins and mineral supplements have been used for many years, aiming to correct diet deficiencies, by absorption or metabolism problems or due to greater requirements, as the case of athletes. They may include a single item or many of them.

Cod liver oil has been used as a body defenses functional enhancer and lately as a controlling agent for some types of tumors. Its use has been questioned by some authors. Other soluble oils are also used, as Omega 3 and Omega 6.

Byproducts of honey bees industry (propolis, pollen, royal jelly) have been used with great success, although few studies were done to verify their properties and mechanisms of action that promote them.

The whey protein, creatine and conjugated linoleic acid has proven beneficial to muscle development and performance under demanding training conditions.

Coconut oil used as a dietary complement or supplement seems to achieve cholesterol levels reduction and help reduce fatty deposits in people with overweight.

Going to another very different example, the use of a curcumin supplement, a substance extracted from turmeric (Curcuma longa) can significantly diminish some undesirable side effects of the anticancer drug cisplatin.

In turn, supplemented food are those foods to which various nutrients are added to improve the diet quality. For instance:

The addition of minerals, vitamins, fiber, fatty acids, phytosterols, to milk and dairy products. Cereals, non-alcoholic beverages, eggs, meat and derivatives and fats with added supplements. These foods are used as carriers of substances that can improve body health status.

Finally, a simple example, salt with iodine salt, or iodized salt.

Modified foods

Those foods that through man intervention are altered in their composition, beyond the direct consequence of the different techniques of cooking. Not considered in this group food derived by techniques like salted, smoked, etc..

They may be modified during plant or animal production or during handling, manufacturing or packaging. In sum they are obtained with the application of technology, be it elementary or advanced.

Probiotics are an example, microorganisms are used to transform, for example, milk and dairy products, to obtain products with an activity that could be considered medicinal, normalizing gastrointestinal functions and increasing the body's general defenses by stimulating immune system.

A very special and very simple example is evidenced by oranges and other fruits pulp micronización. The existence of smaller fiber particles allows a further decrease of blood cholesterol.

One of the most important current applications is genetic modification done in plant species, the "transgenic" plantsacquire new properties, different from the original species. One goal is to make these species more resistant to crops diseases. Another goal, higher productive crops, ie. to achieve a greater amount of food per unit of cultivated area and an additional, still in its beginning, getting food or components of them that are beneficial to health.

Genetic manipulation is being done also on animals and the whole discussion of the benefits or drawbacks of these techniques, is mixed with commercial interests, making it very difficult to find a balanced position.

The addition of additives and preservatives is also a change, but even more separated from the original idea to address this issue.

There is an important growing discussion about the difference between the use of modified or natural foods.

Medicinal food

Foods that, as such, may act on different diseases should be grouped into "medical food". Its activity is due to chemical compounds present in plants that have specific activities and allow different degrees of healing activity, prevention, decrease damage or even cure a disease.

The main active chemical substances are: beta carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, lycopene, betaglucan, insoluble fiber, mucilage, whole grains fiber, monounsaturated fatty acids, Omega 3, conjugated linoleic acid, antocyanidins, catechins, epicatechin and procyanidins, flavanons, quercetin, kaempherol or myricetin, proanthocyanidins, sulforafane and other isothiocyanates, caffeic and ferulic acids, stanols, sugar alcohols, prebiotics, dadzein and genistein, lignans, alicin, ditioltiones, and so on.

A key feature is that its activity is attained with the consumption of normal quantities of food, provided a healthy diet.

Carrots and various fruits (orange, kiwi. apple, cherry) contain beta carotene, a powerful antioxidant that neutralizes free radicals that can damage cells and enhances their antioxidant defenses.

Cabbage, kale, spinach, blueberries, plums, avocado, kiwi, grapes, citrus, corn, eggs, contain lutein and zeaxanthin that may help to maintain healthy vision, both for its antioxidant activity and by its direct activity on macular cells.

Tomatoes contain lycopene and derivatives with antiinflammatory properties, seen on benign prostatic hyperplasia control, anti-oxidant properties that prevent macular degeneration and visual loss, and also it may reduce some types of tumors incidence, such as prostate cancer.

Oat bran, oatmeal and barley contain a complex sugars type substance fiber, beta glucan, that can reduce the risk of heart disease by reducing the absorption of bile salts and hence the formation of cholesterol by at least 5% (at a rate of about 3 grams daily).

Wheat bran and other vegetables contain insoluble fiber which may contribute to maintain the digestive tract health, promoting intestinal transit by increasing the tract content volume.

Zaragatona or psillium seed contains a large amount of soluble fiber, a mucilage, which has the ability to absorb large amounts of water and thereafter increase in size, producing a feeling of satiety and acts as a medicine decreasing appetite.

Whole grain cereals promote a slower digestion therefore lowering blood glucose levels. Recent research suggests that some molecules naturally present in these plants have anti-tumor properties. They also contain phytoestrogens, phytic acid,

phenolic compounds and inhibitors of the enzymatic activity. Whole grains are also rich in antioxidants such as vitamin E, and nutrients with beneficial effects on antioxidant systems, such as selenium.

Olive oil contains monounsaturated fatty acids, whose continued consumption lowers cholesterol blood levels, with an additional benefit, since it has been demonstrated that increases HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein AI levels, achieving an antiatherogenic role.

Hazelnuts and linseed oil containing polyunsaturated fatty acids Omega 3 type. The most striking and clearly demonstrated activity is the lowering of triglycerides levels and decreased VLDL synthesis by the liver. The main source are fish and seafood.

Beef. sheep and some dairy products contain conjugated linoleic acid that has shown to have important properties.It lowers cholesterol in a similar way to Omega 3, it stimulates the immune system and could act on allergy and cancer situations, eg breast tumors. A possible effect on body fat, although very promoted, has not yet been fully demonstrated.

Blueberries, cherries, blueberries and red grapes contain antocyanidins, flavonoids with significant antioxidant properties. Injunctions are attributed to some digestive enzymes, which collaborate in the control of type 2 diabetes mellitus of obesity. They appear to enhance neuronal function and memory, improve the immune system by increasing the production of white blood cells, reduce blood capillaries fragility (important in fluid retention) and varicose veins, strengthen collagen, important for skin and tissues rejuvenation and to have anti-inflammatory properties, which are usually medicated for sports injuries and pain.

Tea, cocoa, apples, grapes contain catechins, epicatechin and procyanidins, flavonoids with the capacity to modify the body's reaction to allergens, viruses, and carcinogens. The fruits, vegetables, tea or red wine beneficial effects have been attributed to those flavonoid compounds.

The citrus fruits contain flavanones that neutralize free radicals, and are related to of blood vessels and bones health, cancer control, allergies prevention, inflammation reduction, and show certain anti-microbial activity.

Onions, apples, tea, broccoli contain flavonols, quercetin, kaempherol and myricetin with antioxidant activity that protect blood vessels and prevent some types of tumors (ie pancreas).

Blackberries, chocolat, apples, strawberries, grapes, wine, peanuts, cinnamon are a source of proanthocyanidins, important to treat chronic venous insufficiency, associated with varicose veins and hemorrhoids. This activity is mainly due to blood vessel walls colagen and elastin strengthening. Other alleged actions, they combat wrinkles, they are antioxidants, they prevent atheromas and reduce joints inflammation.

Cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage, radish and other plants contain sulforafane and other isotiocianates that are able to suppress tumors development blocking the enzymes responsible for one of the process phases.

Apple, pears, citrus, some other vegetables, coffee, chocolate and tea contain phenols and phenolic derivatives, including caffeic and ferulic acids. They have important antioxidant properties, controlling cholesterol oxidation and improving eye sight. There is some evidence of cancer protection. These acids also protect skin from UV rays.

Corn, soybeans, wheat, contain stanols, free sterols that reduce cholesterol intestinal absorption leading to a reduction of blood cholesterol levels.

Many plants sugars are alcohols, as xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, lactitol, are used as sweeteners, with fewer adverse effects than refined sugar. The risk of dental caries can also be reduced.

The so-called prebiotics, as dietary fiber inulin (roots, tubers and roots of chicory, dandelion, yacon), fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) (chicory, artichokes, asparagus, garlic, onion, tomatoes or bananas among others) improve the intestinal transit and the microbial balance in the intestinal tract, are non-digestible substances fermented in the lower intestine.

Soy contains genistein and dadzeina, phytoestrogens, compounds that seem to prevent cancer by many mechanisms, including inhibition of angiogenesis, a crucial aspect in new blood vessels formation needed for tumors growth and spread. Their best known property is the hormonal balance regulation in menopausic women. Also they maintain bone balance and the nervous system functions.

Flax, rye and some vegetables contain lignans, insoluble fiber that can lower cholesterol levels and stimulate the inmmune system.

Beans or soybeans contain a protein that has been shown to reduce levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides, maintaining levels of HDL cholesterol.

Garlic, onion and leek contain allicin that is transformed into sulfo and thiols as diallyl sulfide, allyl methyl trisulfide, in blood react with red blood cells, causing a drop in blood pressure and blood viscosity. The activity of garlic on cholesterol levels and other properties was already mentioned.

Broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts contain ditioltiones that contribute to proper immune system functions.

The list is extensive and if our readers ask for, the list could be expanded and treated more extensively on each of the cases mentioned.

Food as medicine

The use of food to improve health, beyond its traditional input of nutrients, has been growing up fast. That is the reason why terms as nutraceuticals (nutrients with pharmacological properties ), functional foods, substances derived from foods, modified food and food products, have been used in a confusing way.

The topic is of great importance and should be investigated and

regulated in depth and with rigor. Foods can prevent, control, alleviate and cure diseases. Indeed, many communities have been using them since many years ago.

This is a subject that I will develop in several entries. At the beginning seems important to separate terms. Foods that may act on different diseases should be grouped into "medical food", as the case of garlic. Substances that are added to foods to improve their diet properties, should be integrated into "supplemented food", as milk with minerals. Substances isolated from foods that are "complements", for instance the Omega 3. Modified foods, either by culture or processing techniques, as well as those obtained by genetical modification, should be grouped as "modified food".

Unless you readers, suggest different grouping methods, which I will acknowledge and take into consideration, in future entries I will discuss,

1 .- Medicinal food

2 .- Supplemented food

3 .- Complements

4 .- Modified food

And for you not to think I am forgetting the main theme of these blogs, in most cases, the examples will include medicinal plants that can be consumed in the diet for palliative or curative actions.

Health benefits of herbs and spices

In my search for scientific information I came across this article that I think summarizes many of my own thoughts, therefore I quote its published abstract.

Health benefits of herbs and spices: the past, the present, the future.

Med J Aust. 2006 Aug 21;185(4 Suppl):S4-24.

Tapsell LC, Hemphill I, Cobiac L, Patch CS, Sullivan DR, Fenech M, Roodenrys S, Keogh JB, Clifton PM, Williams PG, Fazio VA, Inge KE.

National Centre of Excellence in Functional Foods, University of Wollongong, NSW.

Herbs and spices have a traditional history of use, with strong roles in cultural heritage, and in the appreciation of food and its links to health. Demonstrating the benefits of foods by scientific means remains a challenge, particularly when compared with standards applied for assessing pharmaceutical agents. Pharmaceuticals are small-molecular-weight compounds consumed in a purified and concentrated form. Food is eaten in combinations, in relatively large, unmeasured quantities under highly socialised conditions. The real challenge lies not in proving whether foods, such as herbs and spices, have health benefits, but in defining what these benefits are and developing the methods to expose them by scientific means.

CULTURAL ASPECTS: The place of herbs and spices in the diet needs to be considered in reviewing health benefits. This includes definitions of the food category and the way in which benefits might be viewed, and therefore researched. Research may focus on identifying bioactive substances in herbs and spices, or on their properties as a whole food, and/or be set in the context of a dietary cuisine.

THE ROLE OF HERBS AND SPICES IN HEALTH: The antioxidant properties of herbs and spices are of particular interest in view of the impact of oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the development of atherosclerosis. There is level III-3 evidence (National Health and Medical Research Council [NHMRC] levels of evidence) that consuming a half to one clove of garlic (or equivalent) daily may have a cholesterol-lowering effect of up to 9%. There is level III-1 evidence that 7.2 g of aged garlic extract has been associated with anticlotting (in-vivo studies), as well as modest reductions in blood pressure (an approximate 5.5% decrease in systolic blood pressure). A range of bioactive compounds in herbs and spices have been studied for anticarcinogenic properties in animals, but the challenge lies in integrating this knowledge to ascertain whether any effects can be observed in humans, and within defined cuisines. Research on the effects of herbs and spices on mental health should distinguish between cognitive decline associated with ageing and the acute effects of psychological and cognitive function. There is level I and II evidence for the effect of some herbal supplements on psychological and cognitive function. There is very limited scientific evidence for the effects of herbs and spices on type 2 diabetes mellitus, with the best evidence being available for the effect of ginseng on glycaemia, albeit based on four studies. More research is required, particularly examining the effects of chronic consumption patterns. With increasing interest in alternatives to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents in the management of chronic inflammation, research is emerging on the use of food extracts. There is level II evidence for the use of ginger in ameliorating arthritic knee pain; however, the improvement is modest and the efficacy of ginger treatment is ranked below that of ibuprofen. More definitive research is required.

PUBLIC HEALTH AND DIETARY IMPLICATIONS: Recommendations for intakes of food in the Australian guide to healthy eating do not yet include suggested intakes of herbs and spices. Future consideration should be given to including more explicit recommendations about their place in a healthy diet. In addition to delivering antioxidant and other properties, herbs and spices can be used in recipes to partially or wholly replace less desirable ingredients such as salt, sugar and added saturated fat in, for example, marinades and dressings, stir-fry dishes, casseroles, soups, curries and Mediterranean-style cooking. Vegetable dishes and vegetarian options may be more appetising when prepared with herbs and spices.

FUTURE DIRECTIONS: As several metabolic diseases and age-related degenerative disorders are closely associated with oxidative processes in the body, the use of herbs and spices as a source of antioxidants to combat oxidation warrants further attention. Immediate studies should focus on validating the antioxidant capacity of herbs and spices after harvest, as well as testing their effects on markers of oxidation. This will work in parallel with clinical trials that are aiming to establish antioxidants as mediators of disease prevention. From a dietary perspective, the functionality of herbs and spices will be exposed through consideration of their properties as foods. As with most foods, the real benefits of including them in the diet are likely to emerge with a better understanding of the attributes of health that are best supported by food, and in methodological developments addressing the evidence base for their effects. These developments are well underway through evidence-based frameworks for substantiating health claims related to foods. At present, recommendations are warranted to support the consumption of foods rich in bioactive components, such as herbs and spices. With time, we can expect to see a greater body of scientific evidence supporting the benefits of herbs and spices in the overall maintenance of health and protection from disease.

Psoriasis and medicinal plants

Like most so-called autoimmune diseases, psoriasis has no definitive cure, at least until now. A healthy diet, high in fiber with lots of fruits and vegetables. Besides oil supplementation with Omega 3 and Omega 6.

I am giving some general guidelines on medicinal plants that have proved beneficial to control the onset of common psoriasis with plaques in different parts of the body.

One of the triggers of psoriasis is the nervous system, so the use of plants that moderate its functionning as, chamomile flowers (Matricaria chamomilla, recutita), valerian root (Valeriana officinalis) and passionflower leaves (Passiflora incarnata), infusion, are recommended.

Internal use, as immunomodulatory and cleansing are used:

Kalawalla, Calaguala, Samambaia (Polypodium decumanum) the use of aerial parts aqueous extracts this fern with immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties is due to the presence of several active substances that interfere with the processes that lead to psoriasis.

Sarsaparrilla (Smilax officinalis), the roots aqueous extract of this plant, high in saponins and steroids, has proved an excellent general depurative with several important activities in the body among which a benefit on most of chronic skin disorders.

Boldo (Peumus boldus), an infusion of its leaves, used traditionally as a regulator of the hepatic and biliary function, has been used successfully in common psoriasis. The alkaloid boldine seems to be the most important chemical but not the only one. Its regulatory activities of digestion, its anti-inflammatory activity and a mild calming effect seems to explain the benefits obtained in cases of psoriasis.

Horsetail (Equisetum arvense), a decoction of this plant, with high mineral content and with diuretic properties, is a beneficial complement

Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), leaves and roots infusions is a well-known, traditional depurative agent, so a regular treatment with this product is almost essential in most chronic problems.

Other plants with immunomodulatory activity such as echinacea (Echinacea purpurea) and cat's claw (Uncaria tormentosa) or with antioxidant activity such as thyme (Thymus vulgaris), with anti-inflammatory activity such as turmeric (Curcuma longa) and gastrointestinal and liver regulators as artichoke (Cynara
scolymus) and linseed (Linum usitatissimum) are recommended and are important.

External use:

Aloe (Aloe barbadensis) gel of this plant, extracted directly or processed to stabilize the product, it is very important as a moisturizer and emollient.

Rosemary hydroalcoholic tincture (Rosmarinus officinalis), increases local circulation and promotes cleansing of altered skin altered.

Sage (Salvia officinalis) and nettles (Urtica dioica) decoctions, borage oil (Borago officinalis) and onagre oil (Oenothera biennis) have also proven useful.

Exposure to the sun for curative purposes should be considered but is outside the scope of this site.

Obesity and medicinal plants

Basically the obesity problem has three main aspects, a mental behaviour, a physiological mechanism and a pathologycal component. In all these items and in other aspects, the genetic influence is present. For some of them, medicinal plants have demonstrated to be useful.

Anxiety is one of the main behavioural items. Anxiolytic plants as chamomile (Matricaria Chamomilla, recutita), Gotu kola (Centella asiatica), Kava kava (Piper methysticum), Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), Pasion flower (Passiflora incarnata), Valerian (Valeriana Officinalis ) and others.


On a physiological approach, plants can be used to decrease appetite, such as those containing serotonin, as walnut (Juglans regia) or hoodia (Hoodia gordonii) that acts at brain level and plants that produce satiety by increasing digestive tract contents volume. Some condiments work in the same direction. Seeds of plantago (Plantago psilium), sesame (Sesamum indicus) and flax (Linum usitatissimum) have been used successfully.

There are many plants that can act by accelerating the metabolism, increasing the elimination of water, interfering with the absorption of glucose, etc.. Garcinia Cambogia is another plant that has the ability to block simple conversion of carbohydrates to fat in the body, as well as, apparently, increase the level of serotonin in the blood.

Finally, considering obesity as a disease, medicinal plants can not act alone. The decision to use and how to take the specialists and that, as with any illness must be addressed in a comprehensive manner, including the setting up of the patient.

Obviously this is a very general approach and only serves as a start point of discussion, which is what we hope to create, interest in discussing and contributing.

Antimicrobial plants

The vast majority of antibiotics used in modern medicine are or have been produced by microorganisms, yeasts or fungi, which belong to the vegetable kingdom. Higher plants mainly produce antimicrobials as a defense mechanism against infections or these substances are constituents of cellular metabolism.

Differentiation of antimicrobial activity in antiseptic, antibacterial, bactericidal, bacteriostatic, antifungal, fungicide, antiviral, virus, will not be done in this entry, just the mention of plants that have shown such activity. I left out of this first communication a large quantity of plants with lesser use in the Latin world.

As expected, besides a long list of plants with antimicrobial activity, a number of chemical compounds responsible for this activity are involved as well. Alkaloids, coumarins, simple phenols, flavones, quinones and tannins are the most common.

ACACIA (Acacia farnesiana, nilotica)

Leaves and fruits

Antibacterial properties of some species of acacia are due to its tannin content in concordance with the extracts concentration.

GARLIC (Allium sativum)

The bulb is used.

Its antibacterial activity has been attributed to a sulfur amino acid, the aliin, with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. There are a lot of medicinal products prepared from garlic bulbs (bulbs generally dried or aged). In powder, tinctures and so on.

Bardana (Arctium lappa)

This plant is a bit obsolete though its antimycotic properties deserves further studies, at least for nails fungus. I use to prepare an alcoholic extract of fresh roots from 2 years old plants harvested after the plant produce seeds.

LARGE INDIAN CRESS (Tropaeolum majus)

Leaves and flowers are used.

It has antibiotic properties due to their isotianate (sulfur and glucotropoline) content with proven effectiveness against several common bacteria. It is used at external and internal route (in respiratory and urinary systems).

CUMIN (Cuminum ciminum)

Aerial parts.

Cumin essential oil has a strong antifungal activity against several fungi of medical importance.

EUCALYPTUS (Eucalyptus globulus and other sp).

Mature leaves from older branches.

The essential oils are very active due to their eucalyptol content , which gives the characteristic aroma and is used as of the respiratory tract and urinary tract antiseptic. It has proven effective against certain fungi. Its external use is highly recommended as an antiseptic, however internal use must be undertaken with caution.

JACARANDA (Jacaranda mimosaefolia)

Fruits

Glutamic acid, and fixed oils that provide antimicrobial properties both in internal and external use. Its use in foodstuffs preservation is considered.

LICHENS (Cetraria islandica and others)

Many of them owe their antifungal and bacteriotatic properties to their usnic and vulpinic acids content.

MARCELA or MACELA (Achyroclyne satureoides)

The flowers are used.

Hydroalcoholic extract has a proven antiviral activity. Plant is little known worldwide but widely used in the Amazon area and at the south of South America.

YARROW (Achillea millefolium)

Aerial parts are used.

The alcoholic extract has a significant antiviral activity. It is also used locally to cure wounds. Its healing properties have been well known since ancient times.

WALNUT (Juglans regia)

Bark

Bark extracts have shown antimicrobial activity. Scientific publications do not mention active ingredients, but activity against staphylococci, Candida, colibacilar, pseudomonas and other microorganisms.

OREGANO (Origanum vulgare)

Aerial parts

Aqueous and alcoholic extracts and essential oils have powerful antimicrobial activity. Bacteria, fungi and viruses are effectively controlled.

The usual manufacture of aqueous extracts (obtained by decoction) and the alcoholic extracts (obtained by maceration in absolute alcohol or alcohol 96 °), permits a home made elaboration.

GRAPEFRUIT (Citrus paradise)

Extracts of this plant is touted as highly effective against a large number of microorganisms. So far I have found no publications that prove it.

I have seen only one study in which, after damaging the shell of the fruit, an antifungal compound is produced, but is not present in the healthy fruits.

PINE (Pinus silvestris)

The active ingredients are extracted mainly from the needles, leaves and young branches.

The essential oil with several compounds of antiseptic activity is used externally and in the airways (the turpentine is partially responsible for this activity). Has been recommended for urinary tract infections, although there are plants with greater effect and greater safety. The pinosilvina has antifungal activity.

THYME (Thymus vulgaris)

Leaves and flowers.

The essencial oils, the aqueous and alcoholic extracts, containing phenol, thymol and carvacrol, have a powerful antiseptic and antimicrobial activity. Its antiviral activity is widely known, as its antifungal activity, although this requires very frequent applications, probably more than 6 times a day.

When boiling their aerial parts a characteristic aroma of phenols and derivatives, very similar to cloroxilenol (in these regions Espadol).

This antiviral activity with its astringent effect, the presence of tannins, make it a required component of herpes simple medications.

CAT'S CLAW (Uncaria tormentosa)

Roots or rhizome.

Alcoholic or hydroalcoholic extracts are potent antivirals, whereas the aqueous extracts are used as immune enhancers. This is a plant that has proven effective in enhancing the immune system for treatment of different ailments.